Sciatica is a condition that causes radiating pain along the path of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the lower back through the hips, buttocks, and down each leg. It is usually caused by inflammation or compression of nerve roots in the lower back (most commonly at L4–S1).
Sciatica can make standing, walking, or sitting difficult, but in most cases, symptoms improve over time with proper care and treatment.
How Common It Is and Who Gets It? (Epidemiology)
Sciatica is a common problem, affecting 10–40% of people at some point in their lives. It is most prevalent in adults aged 30 to 60 years and slightly more common in men. People who sit for long periods, perform heavy lifting, or smoke are at greater risk.
Why It Happens – Causes (Etiology and Pathophysiology)
Sciatica occurs when a spinal nerve root becomes irritated or compressed.
Common causes include:
- Lumbar disc herniation: The most frequent cause, where a portion of a disc presses on the nerve.
- Spinal stenosis: Narrowing of the spinal canal compresses the nerves.
- Degenerative disc disease: Worn discs can irritate nearby nerves.
- Spondylolisthesis: Slippage of a vertebra puts pressure on nerves.
- Inflammation: From injury or systemic conditions such as arthritis.
Risk factors include smoking, obesity, diabetes, sedentary lifestyle, and physically demanding jobs.
How the Body Part Normally Works? (Relevant Anatomy)
The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body, formed by the merging of nerve roots from the lower spine (L4 to S3). It runs down the back of each leg, controlling muscles and transmitting sensory information. When one of the nerve roots is compressed or inflamed, pain signals travel along the entire nerve path, causing the characteristic radiating pain of sciatica.
What You Might Feel – Symptoms (Clinical Presentation)
Common symptoms include:
- Sharp or burning pain radiating from the lower back to the buttock and down one leg
- Pain worse when sitting, sneezing, or coughing
- Tingling or numbness in the leg or foot
- Weakness in the affected leg or foot
- Difficulty standing or walking
Pain may vary in intensity and is usually worse on one side. In rare cases, loss of bladder or bowel control may occur, signaling a serious condition called cauda equina syndrome.
How Doctors Find the Problem? (Diagnosis and Imaging)
Diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination.
Physical examination tests:
- Straight leg raise test: Pain extending below the knee when lifting the leg indicates nerve irritation.
- Reflex and strength testing: Checks for nerve or muscle weakness.
- Sensory evaluation: Identifies numbness or altered sensation.
Imaging studies:
- MRI: The gold standard for identifying disc herniation or nerve compression.
- CT scans: Useful if MRI isn’t available.
- X-rays: Rule out fractures or deformities but are less useful for nerve problems.
Imaging is usually reserved for patients with symptoms lasting more than 12 weeks or those with red-flag symptoms (severe weakness, trauma, infection, or suspected tumor).
Classification
Sciatica can be classified by cause and duration:
- Acute sciatica: Lasts less than 6 weeks.
- Subacute sciatica: Lasts 6–12 weeks.
- Chronic sciatica: Persists for more than 12 weeks.
It can also be described by the underlying cause, such as herniated disc, stenosis, or degenerative changes.
Other Problems That Can Feel Similar (Differential Diagnosis)
Conditions that mimic sciatica include:
- Hip arthritis or bursitis
- Piriformis syndrome (nerve entrapment in the buttock)
- Vascular claudication (poor blood flow to the leg)
- Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage from diabetes)
- Sacroiliac joint dysfunction
Treatment Options
Non-Surgical Care
Conservative treatment is the first line of management and helps most patients recover.
- Physical activity: Gentle movement and walking are encouraged; prolonged bed rest is not recommended.
- Physical therapy: Stretching, strengthening, and core exercises relieve pressure on the sciatic nerve.
- Manual therapy: Spinal manipulation or mobilization may reduce short-term pain.
- Medications:
- NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen) may offer limited short-term relief.
- Corticosteroids may be used short term but carry side effects.
- Opioids, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants are generally not recommended due to poor evidence and potential harm.
Injections
- Epidural steroid injections: Can reduce inflammation and relieve pain for several weeks or months. Recommended only for acute, severe sciatica unresponsive to other measures.
Surgical Care
Surgery may be considered if:
- Pain persists beyond 12 weeks despite conservative therapy.
- There is progressive weakness, severe nerve compression, or bowel/bladder dysfunction.
Surgical options include:
- Microdiscectomy: Removal of part of a herniated disc pressing on the nerve root.
- Endoscopic discectomy: A minimally invasive version using smaller incisions.
- Laminectomy: Removes bone or ligament tissue to decompress nerves.
Surgery provides faster relief but long-term outcomes are similar to conservative care after one year.
Recovery and What to Expect After Treatment
- Conservative recovery: Most patients improve within 6–12 weeks.
- Post-surgery: Pain relief is often immediate, and walking begins the next day.
Rehabilitation includes guided exercises to strengthen the spine and prevent recurrence.
Possible Risks or Side Effects (Complications)
Complications of treatment or surgery may include:
- Nerve injury or persistent pain
- Infection or bleeding
- Recurrent disc herniation
- Anesthetic complications
- Muscle weakness or numbness
Proper rehabilitation and adherence to medical advice reduce long-term risks.
Long-Term Outlook (Prognosis)
The prognosis for sciatica is excellent. Most patients recover fully with conservative care. Only a small percentage require surgery. However, recurrent episodes may occur if risk factors such as poor posture or weak core muscles persist.
Out-of-Pocket Costs
Medicare
CPT Code 63030 – Discectomy (Removal of Herniated Disc): $225.06
CPT Code 63047 – Laminectomy (Decompression): $271.76
CPT Code 22612 – Fusion (Posterior Lumbar): $382.85
CPT Code 22630 – Interbody Fusion (PLIF/TLIF): $387.42
CPT Code 22842 – Instrumentation (Rods, Screws, Plates – 3–6 Segments): $185.26
Under Medicare, 80% of the approved amount for these procedures is covered once the annual deductible has been met. The remaining 20% is typically the patient’s responsibility. Supplemental insurance plans—such as Medigap, AARP, or Blue Cross Blue Shield—usually cover this remaining 20%, meaning most patients have little to no out-of-pocket cost for Medicare-approved spine surgeries. These supplemental plans coordinate directly with Medicare to ensure comprehensive coverage for procedures like decompression, fusion, and stabilization performed for sciatica.
If you have secondary insurance—such as Employer-Based coverage, TRICARE, or Veterans Health Administration (VHA)—it serves as a secondary payer once Medicare has processed the claim. After the deductible is satisfied, secondary insurance can cover any remaining coinsurance or balance. Deductibles for these plans generally range between $100 and $300, depending on your policy and whether the procedure is performed in-network.
Workers’ Compensation
If your sciatica developed or worsened due to a work-related injury, Workers’ Compensation will cover the entire cost of medical and surgical care, including discectomy, laminectomy, or spinal fusion if required. You will not have any out-of-pocket expenses for approved services under an accepted Workers’ Compensation claim.
No-Fault Insurance
If your sciatica resulted from a motor vehicle accident, No-Fault Insurance will pay for all necessary diagnostic, surgical, and hospital expenses. This includes decompression, fusion, or instrumentation if medically required. The only potential charge would be a small deductible depending on your specific policy terms.
Example
David, a 60-year-old patient, suffered from severe sciatica due to a herniated lumbar disc and underwent discectomy (CPT 63030) and posterior fusion (CPT 22612). His Medicare out-of-pocket costs were $225.06 and $382.85. Since he had supplemental insurance through Blue Cross Blue Shield, the remaining 20% not paid by Medicare was fully covered, leaving him with no out-of-pocket expense for his surgery.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q. What causes sciatica?
A. Sciatica is most often caused by a herniated disc or bone spur pressing on the sciatic nerve roots in the lower spine.
Q. How long does it take for sciatica to go away?
A. Most people improve within 6–12 weeks with conservative care such as exercise, physical therapy, and medication.
Q. When is surgery necessary for sciatica?
A. Surgery is considered when pain persists beyond 3 months or if there’s progressive weakness, numbness, or loss of bladder or bowel control.
Q. Can exercise help with sciatica?
A. Yes. Gentle exercises and stretches that strengthen the back and core muscles help relieve pressure on the sciatic nerve and prevent recurrence.
Summary and Takeaway
Sciatica is a common condition caused by compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve. It results in radiating leg pain, numbness, or weakness. Most cases resolve with conservative treatment that includes exercise, physical therapy, and medication. Surgery is effective for persistent or severe cases. Maintaining core strength, flexibility, and good posture helps prevent recurrence.
Clinical Insight & Recent Findings
A recent observational study compared outcomes of early versus delayed microdiscectomy in patients with sciatica caused by lumbar disc herniation. The study followed 237 patients who underwent surgery and divided them into two groups based on symptom duration: early surgery (<6 months) and delayed surgery (≥6 months).
Results showed that early surgery led to significantly greater pain relief and functional improvement at 1 to 3 months postoperatively, with lower Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores compared to delayed surgery. However, by 12 months, the differences between the groups had diminished, and long-term outcomes were comparable. Complication rates were similar (5.7% vs. 5.2%), indicating that early intervention does not increase surgical risk.
The authors concluded that performing lumbar decompression surgery within six months after failed conservative treatment yields faster recovery, improved short-term outcomes, and reduced dependence on opioids. These findings support early surgical management when conservative therapy is ineffective. (Study of early versus delayed surgery for sciatica – See PubMed.)
Who Performs This Treatment? (Specialists and Team Involved)
Sciatica is managed by orthopedic spine surgeons, neurosurgeons, pain management specialists, and physical therapists working as a coordinated team.
When to See a Specialist?
See a spine specialist if you experience:
- Pain radiating below the knee for more than 4 weeks
- Numbness, tingling, or weakness in one leg
- Difficulty standing, walking, or performing daily tasks
When to Go to the Emergency Room?
Seek immediate medical attention if you develop:
- Sudden loss of bladder or bowel control
- Severe or worsening leg weakness
- Numbness in the groin or saddle area
What Recovery Really Looks Like?
Recovery is gradual and varies between individuals. Pain relief often occurs first, followed by improved strength and mobility. Continued physical therapy and ergonomic adjustments support long-term recovery.
What Happens If You Ignore It?
Untreated sciatica can cause chronic pain, muscle weakness, or permanent nerve damage. Severe compression may lead to loss of bladder or bowel function, which requires emergency surgery.
How to Prevent It?
- Maintain proper posture and spine alignment.
- Exercise regularly to strengthen core and back muscles.
- Avoid prolonged sitting or heavy lifting without support.
- Maintain a healthy weight and avoid smoking.
Nutrition and Bone or Joint Health
Eat foods rich in calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium for strong bones. Omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants from fish, nuts, and fruits help reduce inflammation and nerve irritation.
Activity and Lifestyle Modifications
Engage in low-impact exercises such as walking, yoga, or swimming. Use ergonomic chairs and avoid slouching. Take regular breaks from sitting or standing to protect your spine.
