Microdiscectomy in Pregnancy

Overview

Low back pain is a common complaint in pregnancy. There may be symptoms of sciatica along with low back pain. Sciatica symptoms are usually caused by herniation of an intervertebral disc. The management is usually nonsurgical and elective surgical management is postponed after childbirth.

However, progression to cauda equina syndrome or neurological deficit may need urgent surgical intervention. Microdiscectomy surgery may be used to decompress the spine and provide relief from sciatica symptoms.

Low back pain in pregnancy has been attributed to relaxation of the ligaments caused by the pregnancy hormone relaxin. The laxity of the ligaments may lead to increased motion in the lower spine segment. Further, the weight gain in pregnancy along with the enlarged uterus causes the center of gravity to move forward from the lower spine. These all biomechanical changes in pregnancy may lead to intervertebral disc herniation.

The herniated disc may compress the spinal nerve roots and lead to radiculopathy. Lumbar radiculopathy or sciatica may present with symptoms of radiating buttock and leg pain. The pain may be associated with numbness and tingling.

The sciatica symptoms are managed non surgically in both pregnant and non pregnant females. Only patients with progressive motor weakness and cauda equina syndrome need surgical treatment.

Severe compression of the dural sac may cause cauda equina syndrome. Cauda equina syndrome may present with lower extremity weakness along with bowel and bladder incontinence.

The diagnosis of sciatica in pregnancy is made clinically by the physician. Radiological studies such as x-ray are avoided in pregnancy. MRI is generally safe in pregnancy but is only done in case of worsening motor/sensory weakness and during planning of the surgery. X-ray may be done if the benefits outweigh the potential risks.

Medical treatment is usually limited to acetaminophen (Tylenol). Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory medications and steroid medications are avoided in the first trimester (12 weeks). Other non surgical treatments such as postural correction, physical therapy and heat/cold therapy are also recommended.

Patients with progressive motor weakness may need surgery such as microdiscectomy to decompress the spinal segment. The surgery is usually done in the second trimester. General anesthesia is considered safe in pregnancy. Special precautions may be needed for positioning during the surgery to prevent excessive pressure on the uterus.

The surgery involves a small incision in the lower back and use of an operating microscope to magnify the incision. The surgeon then removes a small part of the lamina and then proceeds to remove the herniated intervertebral disc. The incision is closed in layers and a small bandage is applied.

The patients may need monitoring and overnight stay at the hospital. The post operative rehabilitation after microdiscectomy is the same as of non pregnant patients. The patients may need safe analgesics after surgery to help with post operative pain.

The decompress achieved with microdiscectomy leads to an excellent recovery from sciatica symptoms. Microdiscectomy in pregnancy like all other elective surgeries are generally avoided unless delay of surgery may lead to permanent neurological damage.

Microdiscectomy may be associated with complications both during and after the surgery. During the surgery there may be complications of excessive bleeding, neural damage, dural sac rupture. There may be additional rare complications of surgery in pregnancy that may cause premature labor or premature rupture of membranes. After the surgery, there may be complications of infection, epidural fibrosis and failure of discectomy.

Microdiscectomy surgery is a safe procedure when indicated in pregnant females. The complications from microdiscectomy are rare but extra care is needed both in diagnosis and surgery to prevent any side effects to the growing fetus.